The economic burden of smoking estimated in terms of GDP reveals that smoking accounts for approximately 0.7% of China's GDP and approximately 1% of US GDP. Britannia was rebranded to Thomsonfly in May 2005 as their parent company Thomson Travel Group were bought by TUI Group as part of a wider reorganisation of TUI's operations in the UK. They make an important contribution to the economy, comparing favourably to the financial services sector. Report from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health No. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Command Economy: Definition, How It Works, and Characteristics, Economic Value: Definition, Examples, Ways To Estimate, Keynesian Economics Theory: Definition and How It's Used, Economic Indicator: Definition and How to Interpret, Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Formula and How to Use It. ", Office for National Statistics. and transmitted securely. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date Tourism's impact is amplified through the economy, so its impact is much wider than just the direct spending levels. Chen YF, Madan J, Welton N, Yahaya I, Aveyard P, Bauld L, Wang D, Fry-Smith A, Munaf MR. Health Technol Assess. Even so, estimated employment rates in the . The World Bank. Mat Rifin H, Jane Ling MY, Robert Lourdes TG, Saminathan TA, Rodzlan Hasani WS, Ab Majid NL, Hamid HAA, Riyadzi MR, Ahmad A, Mohd Yusoff MF, Muhamad NA. Downloadour England Tourism Factsheet for 2019 (Word, 123KB), Download ourKey Facts & Trends 2019Infographic (PDF, 179KB). Museums and galleries have not been immune from the impacts of the recession, but are still delivering impressive economic benefits thanks to increased tourism in the UK and an ever-growing public appetite for culture. International exports adding a significant contribution to the economy include: Higher education - 13.4bn; . The UK service sector. Learn more here about our Sustainability Agenda and the three building blocks and 15 focus areas, as well as our contribution to the UN SDGs. We are mindful of the importance of travel and tourism for many countries in the world and for the people living there. Travel and tourism contribute significantly to the economy in the United Kingdom (UK). Smoking-attributable expenditure in the United States (USD billion). "The Cost of Brexit to September 2018.". Tob Control. 33,374 serviced accommodation businesses (e.g bed andbreakfasts, guest houses and hotels) with 786,775 bedrooms and 1,768,795 bed spaces. Macroeconomics Definition, History, and Schools of Thought, Microeconomics Definition, Uses, and Concepts, 4 Economic Concepts Consumers Need to Know, Law of Supply and Demand in Economics: How It Works, Demand-Side Economics Definition, Examples of Policies, Supply-Side Theory: Definition and Comparison to Demand-Side. In 2021, an estimated 131.5 billion British pounds of the country's gross domestic product . In 1284 the crown of England annexed Wales under the Statute of Wales. In the EU Mediterranean countries, the travel industry provides jobs and prosperity in a special way - with 27 million guests per year (before the pandemic) and multimillion investments, the TUI Group has a significant share in this. And TUI takes action. Public subsidy is vital to the ongoing success of museums and galleries, and public support for this funding remains high. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Average weekly earning growth in the UK 2001-2022, Public sector spending in the United Kingdom 2021/22, Number of people employed in the UK 1971-2021, Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom from 1948 to 2021 (in million GBP), Annual growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1949 to 2022, Gross domestic product per capita in the United Kingdom from 1955 to 2021 (in GBP), Quarterly gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1955 to 4th quarter 2022 (in million GBP), Quarterly growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 2015 to 4th quarter 2022, Quarterly GDP per capita in the UK 1955-2022, Quarterly GDP per capita in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1955 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in GBP), Monthly index of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from January 1997 to December 2022, Monthly growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from January 2020 to December 2022, Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region (in million GBP), GDP growth rate in the UK 2020, by region, Annual growth rates of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom in 2020, by region, Gross domestic product per capita of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region (in GBP), Forecasted annual growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, Employment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, Number of people unemployed in the UK 1971-2022, Number of people unemployed in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Number of people employed in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Unemployment rate in the UK 1971-2022, by gender, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, by gender, Unemployment rate in the UK 1992-2022, by age group, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from May 1992 to December 2022, by age group, Youth unemployment rate in the UK 1992-2022, Youth unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from May 1992 to December 2022, Average annual earnings for full-time employees in the UK 1999-2022, Median annual earnings for full-time employees in the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2022 (in GBP), Average year-on-year growth of weekly earnings (3 month average) in the United Kingdom from March 2001 to December 2022, Number of redundancies in the UK 1995-2022, Average number of people made redundant in the United Kingdom from May 1995 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Overall weekly hours worked in the UK 1971-2022, Overall weekly hours worked for all employees in the United Kingdom from May 1971 to December 2022 (in million hours worked), Output per hour worked in the UK 1971 to 2022, Economic output per hour worked in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1971 to 3rd quarter 2022 (2019=100), Annual unemployment rate in the UK 2000-2027, Annual unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1989 to January 2023, Inflation rate for the Retail Price Index in the United Kingdom from June 1948 to January 2023, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) in the United Kingdom from January 1989 to January 2023, Producer Price Index (PPI) in the United Kingdom from October 2010 to January 2023, CPI inflation rate in the UK 2023, by sector, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom in January 2023, by sector, Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1988 to January 2023, Retail Price Index (RPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1987 to January 2023, Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) in the United Kingdom from January 1988 to January 2023, Annual inflation rate of the Retail Price Index in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Annual inflation rate of the Consumer Price Index in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Central government current expenditure UK 1997-2021, Central government current expenditure in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), Government current receipts in the UK 1997-2021, Total central government current receipts in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), Public sector net debt in the UK 1997-2021, Public sector net debt in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in billion GBP), Public sector net borrowing as a percentage of GDP in the UK 1920-2021, Public sector net borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1920/21 to 2020/21, Public sector net borrowing in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), National debt as a percentage of GDP in the UK 1920-2022, Public sector net debt expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1920/21 to 2021/22, Budgeted public sector expenditure on services in the United Kingdom in 2021/22, by function (in billion GBP), Government revenue sources in the United Kingdom 2021/22, by source, Expected public sector current receipts in the United Kingdom in 2021/22, by function (in billion GBP), Largest companies in the United Kingdom based on revenue 2022, Largest companies in the United Kingdom based on revenue in 2022 (in billion US dollars), Largest UK companies based on number of global employees 2020, Largest companies based in the United Kingdom on number of employees worldwide in 2020 (in 1,000s), Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2000-2022, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2022 (in millions), Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2022, by sector, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by sector, Number of businesses by enterprise size in the UK 2022, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by employment size, Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2022, by region, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by region, Number of local business units in the UK 2012-2022, Number of local units in VAT and/or PAYE based enterprises in the United Kingdom from 2012 to 2022 (in millions), Business investment index in the UK 1997-2022, Business investment index in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1997 to 4th quarter 2022 (Q1 1997=100), Business confidence Index in the UK 1974-2023, Business confidence Index of the United Kingdom from March 1974 to January 2023 (100 = long-term average). liability for the information given being complete or correct. .and with this size comes a responsibility TUIs commitment to sustainability spans more than three decades, from environmental reporting to a holistic agenda for sustainable tourism. Share on mail. In 2019, British residents spent 19.5 billion on 99.1 million domestic overnight trips in England. The differences in reported cost effectiveness may be partly attributed to varying methodological approaches including varying parametric inputs, differences in national contexts, differences in advertising campaigns tested on different media, and disparate levels of resourcing between campaigns. It has unique laws like the free asset ratio. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 2012;16(38):1-205, iii-v. doi: 10.3310/hta16380. History [ edit] For TUI, these are a key driver for more sustainable tourism. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic: enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. TOURISM IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE FORM OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION Tourist spending exceeds global development aid by a factor of almost four - and the trend is rising sharply. Further commitments include achieving net-zero emissions across our operations and supply chain by 2050 at the latest, becoming a circular business, enabling 20 million customers a year to make sustainable holiday choices by 2030 and co-creating the sustainable destination of the future. We use our scale and influence for the sustainable transformation of travel. Tourist spending exceeds global development aid by a factor of almost four - and the trend is rising sharply. Department for International Trade. In total, the BBC is supporting a total of over 53,000 jobs across the UK - with over half outside of London. TUI takes its responsibility seriously. Most of the papers reviewed reported outcomes on smoking prevalence, as well as the direct and indirect costs of smoking and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions. Capital reduction through share consolidation, Presentation "Tourism as a driver of growth, prosperity and development". Overseas visitors to England spent 24.8 billion in 2019, making 36.1 million trips. [18] During the rebrand in 2017, the "TOMSON" callsign was dropped and replaced with "TUI AIR" and then changed again to "TOMJET". An average serviced accommodationroom occupancy of 71% in 2017, with average bed space occupancy at 52%. The .gov means its official. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Finally, at the beginning of the 18th century, Scotland needed economic help, and England needed a safeguard against the possibility of Scotland serving as a launching ground for French attacks. As such, tourist spending significantly exceeds global development aid. The wide-ranging paper, using a well-established approach for assessing economic impact, presents an analysis of the BBCs economic contribution and looks at local investment, creative innovation, investment in research and development and investment in people, skills and training. Welcome to VisitBritain/VisitEnglands corporate website for UK tourism industry. It creates employment, provides education and drives up social and environmental standards. Department for International Trade. 2017-01. Available at: Shafey O, Eriksen M, Ross H, Mackay J. However, the outcomes on the cost effectiveness of TMT-based measures have been inconsistent, and this made it difficult to attribute results to specific media. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. 25 January 2023. Finance vs. Economics: What's the Difference? "COVID-19: Imperial researchers model likely impact of public health measures,", The Guardian. Though the majority of projections are negative, they range from an 18% loss to a 7% gain in U.K. economic output as a result of Brexit. [8] The other airline, Air 2000 that was founded in 1987, and which integrated the operations of Leisure International Airways in 1998. None of this came into effect until 1543, however, when all the details were laid out in a second act. Since then, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the sector heavily in 2020 and into 2021, with government restrictions both in the UK and worldwide preventing tourism for large periods of time. The BBC's direct economic contribution out of London is far higher than the industry average of 20% Over 60% (3.1bn) of the BBC's economic contribution was generated in the UK creative sector "Population estimates.". "GDP first quarterly estimate, UK: April to June 2020,". American Cancer Society; Atlanta: 2012. Clare Sumner, the BBCs Director of Policy, says: This report demonstrates what a vital asset the BBC is - not only for our creative industries, but for local investment, jobs and training right across the UK - and we have plans in place for so much more over the coming years. The construction industry in UK has a good position to take advantage of global market. A comprehensive, independent report from KPMG finds the broadcaster provides a significant economic contribution across each of the UKs nations and regions. contributed an estimated 11.9bn to the UK economy in tuition fees and living . "Industries in the UK. Tobacco smoking is the cause of many preventable diseases and premature deaths in the UK and around the world. Note: Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Every tenth employee worldwide works in the travel and tourism industry. Action on Smoking and Health Smoking and Disease, ASH Fact Sheet. You can find further information on the use of cookies at any time in our Cookie Notice and our Privacy policy. Vanessa Page is a serial entrepreneur and millennial expert. Planes are configured with either two cabins (Premium Economy Class and Economy Class) or just a single Economy Class cabin. Euravia (later renamed Britannia Airways in December 1964. This puts the travel industry almost at the pre-crisis level of 2019 and back on track for success: The positive effects of tourism can be seen in industrialised nations as well as in emerging and developing countries: In Germany, tourism is a fundamental component of the national economy. The travel and tourism industries contributed 6.7% of all gross value added in the UK in 2018. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85380/1/9789241505871_eng.pdf, http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The U.K. is noteworthy for its dramatic policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic. With its contribution to the national purse overwhelmingly spent elsewhere in the country, it is in London's interests as much as anyone else's that the UK's other cities, towns and regions . After initially announcing the intention to pursue a strategy of protecting the vulnerable while building herd immunity, the U.K. government radically shifted course based on the results of highly publicized model projections from the Imperial College of London. Download our England Tourism FactSheet for 2017 (PDF 678KB), or download ourKey Facts & Trends 2016 Infographic (PDF, 165KB). "Coronavirus lockdown eased: what you can and can't do from 4 July,", Office for National Statistics. The service industry in the U.K. comprises many industries, including finance and business services, consumer-focused industries, such as retail, food and beverage, and entertainment. We aim to use our scale to increase the positive impact of every holiday experience we offer. Tourism is one of the world's largest industries and the main force for development and prosperity in many parts of the world. The Thomson Airways brand was launched for the combined airline on 1 November 2008. Institute for Government. Sixty years later, England and Scotland were still entirely independent kingdoms when Queen Elizabeth I of England died unmarried and childless in 1603. Get in touch with us now. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the fear that Ireland would be the launchpad for a French invasion led British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger to believe that the best solution to the problem was another union, this time between Great Britain and Ireland. This text provides general information. -, Kahende JW, Loomis BR, Adhikari B, Marshall L. A review of economic evaluations of tobacco control programs. After two years of the coronavirus pandemic, international tourism is clearly showing signs of recovery. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? These figures include direct and indirect economic output and employment. Choose which cookies are permitted by using the Status-Switch. Department for International Trade. Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. The Welsh were to be accorded the same political status as the English and to send representatives to Parliament. We are in a decade of sustainable transformation. The Act of Union that created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into effect on January 1, 1801. By 2027/28 the BBC will be spending at least an extra 700m cumulatively across the UK - which will generate an estimated additional economic benefit of over 850 million. How Did NAFTA Affect the Economies of Participating Countries? Be part of our Freelance Content Producer Network! Conclusions: Tourism is the main force for development and prosperity in many parts of the world. The United Kingdom is a founding member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council.. As the fifth largest provider of financial contributions to the United Nations, the UK provided 5 percent of the UN budget in 2015, and 6.7 percent of the peacekeeping budget. After posting steady growth in 2017, the U.K. manufacturing sector only grew by 0.4%, and construction output fell by 0.4%in 2018, according to The Blue Book: 2019 from theU.K. ONS. In the UK, the direct costs of smoking to the NHS have been estimated at between 2.7 billion and 5.2 billion, which is equivalent to around 5% of the total NHS budget each year. Office for National Statistics. OUTCOMES ASSESSED IN THE REVIEWPrimary outcomes of the selected studies are smoking prevalence, direct and indirect costs of smoking, and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions (eg, "cost per quitter", "cost per life year saved", "cost per quality-adjusted life year gained," "present value" or "net benefits" from smoking cessation, and "cost savings" from personal health care expenditure). We have set emissions reduction targets for 2030 that have been approved by the independent Science Based Targets initiative for our own airlines, cruise lines and hotels. In 2020 . It also produces huge tax revenues for most governments, especially in high-income countries, as well as employment in the tobacco industry. KPMGs full report, An Assessment of the Economic Impact of the BBC, can be found here. You will find the Imprint here. 8600 Rockville Pike Bringing together the latest data on employment, prices and trade to give an overview of the economy in the UK. Sustainability certifications are high on TUI's Agenda, TUI Sustainability Agenda People, Planet, Progress, Co-creating a sustainable destination of the future, Capital reduction through share consolidation. contributed 10.1 billion to the UK's GDP in 2020, contributing a total of 350 for every 100 supported across the UK's economy. The U.K. missed out on a broad-based upturn in growth among advanced economies in 2017 and early 2018. Smoking-attributable expenditure in the United States (USD billion). We will empower a generation of changemakers by helping them acquire the new skills and knowledge they need to transform the tourism industry. Main results: Growth in the services industry increased by 2.1% in 2018, a strengthening from the growth seen in the previous two years. Visit Britain. Every holiday leaves an impression - in our hearts, but also on the environment. Pitt argued that the union would help develop Ireland economically. Here we measure how freely goods and people flow across borders. Below is a figure showing an insight into the United Kingdom's economic growth rate in the past five years. We partner with these countries and other stakeholders to actively shape a more sustainable future for tourism. In many places, the company is the largest private investor and long-term strategic partner of the destination countries. We are happy to help. For most of the 17th century, against the backdrop of the English Civil Wars, the Restoration, and the Glorious Revolution, England and Scotland remained under the rule of the same monarch, but repeated efforts to unite the two kingdoms were unsuccessful (save for Oliver Cromwells brief unification, maintained by an English army of occupation in Scotland during the Protectorate). Background: Tobacco smoking is the cause of many preventable diseases and premature deaths in the UK and around the world. A 2017 study by DotEcon found that every 1 of R&D investment could, on average, generate a further 5-9 of social and economic benefit for the UK economy, A quantified assessment of the BBCs contribution to the UK economy in of Gross Value Added (GVA), A largely qualitative assessment of the role of the BBC in supporting the growth of the creative and digital sector, as well as the wider UK economy. TUI Airways is also the world's tenth-largest airline by number of route pairings served. Figure 2. Overseas visitors spent 2.34 billion, 13% more than the previous year, according to Visit Britain. TUI baggage size. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The included studies were assessed against criteria indicated in the Cochrane Reviewers Handbook version 5.0.0. The Cruise Lines International Association reports that cruise industry contributes 10 billion to the UK economy each year and supports more than 88,000 jobs. The UK's economic recovery accelerated in May as tourism and recreation firms reopened, but the delay in ending Covid-19 restrictions is putting hospitality firms at risk, research shows. With a 2019 gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.83 trillion, the United Kingdom has the sixth-largest economy in the world. For example, it includes port services and supply chains such as food manufactured for consumption on cruise ships. Runs TUI Care Foundation, which supports holiday destinations in their development. Most of the aircraft had been branded with 'TUI' titles, and onboard items such as glasses and napkins carried the new brand. The very first TUI Ski Express hit the rail this winter. [5] Its UK and associated regional arm is TUI Airways Ltd which holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Type A Operating Licence permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. In 2019, visitors who are residents of other countries spent28.4 billion, or $35.9 billion on travel and tourism in the U.K., according to the ONS. These can not be disabled. "UK manufacturers' sales by product: 2018 revised results. The foundation focuses on the positive effects of tourism on education and training and The food products division is the largest within the U.K. manufacturing sector, showing a decrease in sales of 0.9 billion in 2019 over 2018. The UK service sector, UK National Accounts, The Blue Book: 2018, UK manufacturers' sales by product: 2018 revised results, Understanding the economic impact of Brexit, Discussion paper No.3 Brexit and the OBR's forecasts, COVID-19: Imperial researchers model likely impact of public health measures, Boris Johnson orders UK lockdown to be enforced by police, Coronavirus lockdown eased: what you can and can't do from 4 July, GDP first quarterly estimate, UK: April to June 2020. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [27], As of December 2022, the TUI Airways Ltd fleet consists of the following aircraft:[28][29], TUI Airways formerly operated the following aircraft:[29], Media related to TUI Airways at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about the British airline. And the economic cost of the decision so far is sizeable, if not disastrous," claimed deputy director John Springford. TUI Travel vision 6 To make travel experiences special. Together with our partners we will co-create the next generation sustainable business model for the tourism industry. The U.K. is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. With this income, museums and galleries generate vast economic benefits through areas such as jobs, tourism, inward investment and regeneration. The cost effectiveness ratio of implementing non-price-based smoking cessation legislations (such as smoking restrictions in work places, public places, bans on tobacco advertisement, and raising the legal age of smokers) range from US$2 to US$112 per life year gained (LYG) while reducing smoking prevalence by up to 30%-82% in the long term (over a 50-year period).Smoking cessation classes are known to be most effective among community-based measures, as they could lead to a quit rate of up to 35%, but they usually incur higher costs than other measures such as self-help quit-smoking kits. Brexit refers to the U.K.'s withdrawal from the European Union after voting to do so in a June 2016 referendum. TUI Airways has its origins in several rival airlines. Study selection: Int J Environ Res Public Health. The independent Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), a collaboration by the UN Global Compact and WWF, among others, conducted an in-depth review of TUI's targets to ensure they were in line with the latest climate science and approved ago. [4] This was in line with sister companies TUI fly Belgium, TUI fly Deutschland, TUI fly Netherlands and TUI fly Nordic. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. SELECTION CRITERIA The paper includes cost-effectiveness studies from medical journals, health reports, and white papers published between 1992 and July 2014, but included only eight relevant studies before 1992. Int J Environ Res Public Health. In addition, the undrawn KfW credit lines were reduced by a further 300 million euros to 2.1 billion euros. The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "The UK economy" and take you straight to the corresponding statistics. by providing holidays that cause minimal environmental impact, respect the culture and people of destinations and offer real economic benefit to local communities. Implementing smoke-free workplaces would also produce myriads of new quitters and reduce the amount of cigarette consumption, leading to cost savings in direct medical costs to primary health care providers. [21] The facility is adjacent to Luton Airport. MeSH Desser AS, Arentz-Hansen H, Fagerlund BF, Harboe I, Lauvrak V. Oslo, Norway: Knowledge Centre for the Health Services at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH); 2017 Aug 25. Table 1 summarises the results of the most recent studies on the net fiscal impact of migrants in the UK. [11], TUI Airways became the first UK airline to take delivery of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, receiving the first aircraft in May 2013. A study by Oxford Economics (2018), commissioned by the Migration Advisory Committee, estimated the net fiscal contribution of EEA migrants in the financial year (FY) 2016/17 at 4.7bn, compared to a net cost of 9bn for non-EEA migrants.